Use the RxJS retry operator with a delay function for exponential backoff. The delay function receives the error and the retry count — return a timer Observable with increasing delay. After all retries are exhausted, publish the failure to a dead-letter topic for manual review rather than silently dropping it.
Add random jitter to the delay — prevents thundering herd when many clients retry simultaneously.
Exponential backoff: delay = 2^(retryCount - 1) * baseMs — doubles the wait on each attempt.
After all retries are exhausted, emit to a dead-letter topic rather than silently discarding.
Pair retries with a circuit breaker — retries without a circuit breaker amplify load on a failing service.
Only retry on transient errors (timeouts, connection refused) — do not retry on 400 Bad Request.